Brown
County, Texas
Brown County, near the geographic center of Texas, is
bordered on the north by Eastland County, on the west
by Coleman County, on the south by McCulloch and San
Saba counties, and on the east by Comanche and Mills
counties. The center of the county lies at 31°45'
north latitude and 99°00' west longitude, sixty-five
miles southeast of Abilene. The county is named for
Capt. Henry Stevenson Brown, a company commander in
the battle of Velasco, a delegate to the Convention of
1832, and one of the first Anglo-Americans in the
area. Elevation over this rolling country varies from
1,200 to 2,000 feet. Soils vary from heavy loam to
sand, clay, and shale over the county's 936 square
miles. Local waterways are Pecan Bayou and its
tributaries and the Colorado River, which forms the
southern boundary of the county. The average low
temperature in January is 33° F; the average high in
July is 96°. The growing season lasts 242 days.
Rainfall averages 27.42 inches annually, and 6,000
acres are under irrigation. The county produces $30.5
million annually from agriculture, including cattle,
hogs, sheep, goats, grain sorghums, wheat, and
pecans.
The first whites in the area were Spanish soldiers
under Capt. Nicolás Flores y Valdez, who in 1723
pursued Apaches to recover stolen horses and captives.
After a similar Spanish expedition in 1759, a group of
Anglo-Americans, led by Capt. Henry Stevenson Brown,
entered the region in 1828 to recover livestock stolen
by Comanches. Land surveys were made in 1838. In 1856
Welcome W. Chandler, John H. Fowler, and others
settled in the valleys of Pecan Bayou and Jim Ned
Creek.
The county was formed on the western frontier in 1856
from Comanche and Travis counties and organized in
1858, with Brownwood designated as the county seat;
the town was also awarded the county's first post
office that year with Wiley B. Brown as postmaster. In
1860 the United States census found 244 people living
in the county, none of them slaveholders. The census
also counted 2,070 cattle in the area, and ninety-one
acres of land was classified as "improved."
The county developed slowly between its founding and
the 1870s, primarily because conditions were not
secure for settlement until the late 1870s or early
1880s, as settlers were harassed by Indians and white
predators for twenty years after the county was
formed. The original settlers had to resist Comanches,
who entered the region from the north at Mercer's Gap
or from the west along Pecan Bayou, near Elkins. White
desperados caused problems too; in 1875 the Fort
Worth-Brownwood stage was robbed five times in two
months. Much of the criminal activity during the 1870s
was attributed to John Wesley Hardin's gang; in 1874
Brown County citizens were among those who lynched
suspected gang members at Comanche, and Hardin himself
was forced to flee.
Though increasing numbers of farmers moved into the
area in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s, the county's
economy was dominated by cattle ranching throughout
most of the nineteenth century. The number of cattle
in the county rose from 2,070 in 1860 to 40,000 in
1880 and remained at about the same level until 1900.
County ranchers joined the main cattle trail to
Abilene and Dodge City in north Coleman County and
fought with local farmers attempting to fence off
their lands. Strife between ranchers and farmers over
the fencing of open range raged for several years
until 1886, when the Texas Rangers killed two fence
cutters (see also fence cutting). Meanwhile, the
number of farms in the area increased steadily, rising
from only twenty-two in 1870 to 1,206 in 1880 and
1,396 in 1890.
Development of the county was accelerated in the 1890s
and early 1900s when two railroads built tracks into
the area, providing a stimulus to area farmers and
helping maintain an atmosphere favorable to
experiments in crop diversification. The Fort Worth
and Rio Grande Railway reached the county in 1892; the
Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe line built into Brownwood
in 1895, and by 1903 had extended its tracks to
Menard. The new railroad connections helped Brownwood
to prosper, since the absence of railroad facilities
in southern Eastland and Callahan counties led farmers
from those areas to Brownwood to do their marketing.
Political affairs were volatile in Brown County in the
1880s and 1890s. The Greenback party was active there
during the 1880s and was championed by two newspapers,
the Investigator, published by Judge Charles H.
Jenkins, and the Age of Reason, published by the Mikel
brothers. In the late 1880s and early 1890s the
Populists were supported by the Brownwood Bulletin,
first published by J. H. Byrd and later by William H.
Mayes. Most residents during this period, however,
were Democrats and read the Pecan Valley News, first
published in 1894 (a weekly newspaper named after this
one was published in the 1970s by Tevis Clyde Smith).
Prohibition caused discord until the county voted
itself dry in 1903. It remained dry until the late
1950s, when the sale of beer for off-premises
consumption was made legal.
Between 1870 and 1900 citizens of the county also
developed a school system and centers of higher
education. The first school in the county opened in
1860, when Judge Greenleaf Fisk, a large landowner,
volunteered to teach the children. By the 1874-75
school term a number of communities maintained schools
on a regular basis. Altogether, 514 pupils in the
county were enrolled for the four-month term.
Brownwood established its own school system in 1876,
and other communities soon followed suit. By 1885 the
county had 2,000 students and sixty-four teachers in
small rural schools and community school systems. In
1888 the Presbyterians established Daniel Baker
College, the county's first center of higher learning,
and in 1890 a group of Baptists established Howard
Payne College. Daniel Baker struggled financially
until 1894, when it passed to the Southern Synod of
the Presbyterian Church. Howard Payne granted degrees
until 1897, then operated as a junior college until
1913, when it was again upgraded to senior college
status. In 1953 the two schools were combined under
the name of Howard Payne College (now Howard Payne
University).
By 1900 the county was much more settled than it had
been twenty years before, and farming had become the
chief mainstay of the local economy. The United States
census counted 2,044 farms and ranches in the county
that year, 823 of them operated by tenants; and the
county's population had risen to 16,019. Although
farmers planted oats, wheat, and other crops, corn and
cotton were the favorites. In 1900 29,000 acres of
county land were planted in corn and 46,000 were
planted in cotton.
The county's agricultural economy boomed during the
first ten years of the twentieth century, primarily
because of a rapid expansion of cotton culture. Cotton
had been Brown County's most important crop since
1890, when a total of more than 16,000 acres was
devoted to producing the fiber. In the early 1900s,
however, cotton acreage in the county expanded more
rapidly and became even more important for the local
economy. In 1908, the peak year for cotton in the
county, 43,574 bales were ginned, and in 1910 county
farmers planted almost 83,000 acres in to cotton. By
this time fruits and pecans had also become an
important part of the local agricultural economy. By
1910 Brown County farmers were raising 74,300 peach
trees and 46,400 pecan trees. During these boom years
the number of farms in the county increased 35
percent, to 2,741; tenants operated 1,160 of the farms
in the county in 1910. By 1910 the population was
22,935.
The boll weevil appeared in the county about 1909,
however, and production of cotton quickly declined. By
1920 only 7,335 acres was planted in cotton, and in
1929 only 7,281 bales were produced; in 1940 12,400
acres was devoted to the crop. Some local farmers
turned to other crops, especially wheat and oats;
others, however, were driven off their farms. By 1920
the number of farms in the county had dropped to
2,303, and by 1930 only 2,158 remained. The population
of the county dropped to 21,682 in 1920. By 1930 it
had risen again to 26,382, partly thanks to a brief
oil boom.
Oil was discovered in Brown County in 1879, and a
small producing well was drilled on the H. M. Barnes
farm near Grosvenor in 1900. Later, several other
wells were drilled, but the first commercial
production came from the efforts of Jack Pippen in
1917 at Brownwood. The first large field began
producing from a depth of 1,100 feet in 1919 near
Cross Cut. In 1926 a boom followed the success of the
White well on Jim Ned Creek; some 600 wells were
drilled in several fields in the county during this
time.
The Great Depression of the 1930s ended the oil boom,
as prices dropped and production fell off. The
agricultural sector was also hammered; between 1929
and 1940 cropland harvested in the county dropped from
146,129 acres to 118,000, and the number of farms
dropped to 2,119. Hardship was widespread during the
1930s, but conditions were alleviated somewhat by the
state's "bread bonds" and New Deal relief
programs. Among the federal projects that employed
workers and improved county facilities were road and
school construction. The construction of a dam during
the early 1930s also helped to alleviate some of the
effects of the depression.
Interest in an irrigation dam below the confluence of
Pecan Bayou and Jim Ned Creek first arose during a
serious drought that afflicted the area in 1894 and
1895. Initial attempts to fund the project failed, but
in 1928 voters of the Brownwood Water District
approved bonds for $2.5 million to construct the dam,
which was completed in 1932. Depression conditions
made local bond funding for canals impossible, but the
federal government granted $450,000 to carry water
from Lake Brownwood to thirsty land. It was predicted
that several years of normal rainfall would be
required to fill the lake behind the dam, but an
almost unprecedented storm in July 1932 filled it in
six hours. In spite of projects such as these, the
depression further damaged a local economy that in
some respects had been already struggling. By 1940
only 2,119 farms remained in the county, and the
population had dropped to 25,924.
The beginning of America's involvement in World War II
helped to resurrect the local economy. Between 1941
and 1943 military needs led to the construction of
Camp Bowie, an infantry and cavalry training center
that covered 122,000 acres south of Brownwood and cost
$35 million to build. The facility affected the county
both socially and economically; over 10,000
construction workers were hired to build the camp, and
eventually 30,000 troops were assigned there; German
prisoners of war were also confined there. The influx
of people into the county caused a housing shortage in
greater Brownwood and around the camp that lasted
through the war despite the army's construction of a
200-unit housing project.
The war also helped to revive the local oil industry;
in 1944 Brown County lands produced more than 400,000
barrels of crude. The industry fully revived after the
end of World War II, when large fields were discovered
at greater depths, and water flooding of old fields
was begun. In 1958 production totaled 542,132 barrels,
and in 1960 more than 516,000 barrels. Production
dropped during the early 1960s but picked up again
during the late 1970s. The county produced 418,000
barrels of oil in 1978, 452,648 barrels in 1982, and
498,000 barrels in 1989. In 1990 production dropped to
349,400 barrels. By 1991 more than 50,561,000 barrels
of oil had been taken from Brown County lands since
1917.
Though the revival of the oil industry during the
1940s had helped to raise the county's population to
28,607 by 1950, the county experienced an extended
drought between 1950 and 1957; rainfalls during this
period fell to as low as twelve inches a year, forcing
some farmers to move to Brownwood and other cities. By
1960 the population of the county had dropped to
24,728. The county revived somewhat during the 1960s,
however, and by 1970 the population had risen again to
25,877. It was 33,057 in 1980 and 34,371 in 1990.
After the 1950s the Republican party carried the
county in five of nine presidential elections,
including 1980 and 1984. The party did less well in
gubernatorial and senatorial races during the same
period, winning just one of the former (1984), and
three of the latter (1966, 1972, 1984).
By the 1980s Brown County's economy was stable and
becoming more diversified. In 1982 the county reported
59,495 cattle and an income of over $4.5 million from
dairy products, 17,056 goats, 11,009 sheep, and 8,031
hogs; major crop production included 251,437 bushels
of wheat, 167,493 bushels of oats, 47,256 bushels of
sorghum, and 5,910,819 pounds of peanuts.
In 1984 Brown County had 937 businesses employing
11,660 people, with annual wages of over $186 million;
the majority of these businesses were located in
Brownwood. County businesses in the mid-1980s were
chiefly linked to agribusiness, brick and tile, and
oil products, though industries also included a 3M
plant, a Superior Cable factory, and a Kohler toilet
factory. County income in 1984 from agribusiness, oil
products, and brick and tile concerns totaled
$110,800,000.
The county is served by an adequate transportation
system, with U.S. highways 67 and 84 crossing from
east to west, and 377 and 183 from northeast to
southwest. A state highway crosses from northwest to
southeast. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad
crosses the state from the northeast to the west
through Brownwood. Communities in Brown County include
Early, Bangs, Blanket, Brookesmith, Cross Cut,
Grosvenor, Indian Creek, May, and Zephyr. Brownwood,
the largest city in the county, had a 1990 population
of 18,387. The county is the birthplace of author
Katherine Ann Porter, who was born on a farm at Indian
Creek; her family moved to Hays County in 1892. Robert
Ervin Howard, a pulp fantasy writer who attended
school in Brownwood and published his first writings
there, achieved considerable popularity during his
lifetime and still has a considerable following.
Recreation in the county centers around Lake Brownwood
State Recreation Area. Brownwood also has a youth
festival in January.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Thomas Robert Havins, Something about
Brown: A History of Brown County, Texas (Brownwood,
Texas: Banner Printing, 1958). Tevis Clyde Smith,
Frontier's Generation (Brownwood, Texas, 1931; 2d ed.
1980). James C. White, The Promised Land: A History of
Brown County (Brownwood, Texas: Brownwood Banner,
1941).
John Leffler
Source citation;
"The Handbook of Texas Online."
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcb17
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